describe the policies of akbar

"[38] The term "gunpowder empire" has thus often been used by scholars and historians in analysing the success of the Mughals in India. He touched the western sea in Sind and at Surat and was well astride central India. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles, however, and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. She was bestowed with the name 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God) by Akbar shortly after her marriage. [160] Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was discouraged, and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy. The Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India in 1582. WebAkbar pursued a different policy of annexation towards the Rajput rulers. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position. ADVERTISEMENTS: [101] Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit irrespective of creed, and this led to an increase in the strength of the administrative services of the empire. [136] Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush the empire's western frontier, for several decades until Shah Jahan's expedition into Badakhshan in 1646. The last of the rebellious Afghan tribes were subdued by 1600. Hence Akbar was conscious of the threat posed by the presence of the Portuguese and remained content with obtaining a cartaz (permit) from them for sailing in the Persian Gulf region. Nasir-al-Mulk arranged an assemblage of pleasure and banquet of joy, and a royal feast was provided. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals. [44] He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Following a brief confrontation, however, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there. [96] The coins of Akbar's grandfather, Babur, and father, Humayun, are basic and devoid of any innovation as the former was busy establishing the foundations of the Mughal rule in India while the latter was ousted by the Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, and returned to the throne only to die a year later. [130] One of the longest standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to the control of the city of Qandahar in the Hindukush region, which formed the border between the two empires. [116][117] While debating at court, the Jesuits did not confine themselves to the exposition of their own beliefs but also reviled Islam and Muhammad. [185], During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and syncretism resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged. [180] According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair". Matrimonial alliances: In 1562, Akbar married the daughter of Raja Bihari Mai of Amber (modern Jaipur). [61] The king, Muzaffar Shah III, was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance. He pardoned his brother, who took up de facto charge of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. However, the city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to Lahore in 1585. [24], About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of Ghazni, he married Hindal's daughter, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. The reason may have been that the water supply in Fatehpur Sikri was insufficient or of poor quality. He had also adopted several children including: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Akbar was a farsighted statesman and the realised the value of Rajput [66] Whereas Sulaiman Khan had the khutba read in Akbar's name and acknowledged Mughal supremacy, Daud Khan assumed the insignia of royalty and ordered the khutba to be proclaimed in his own name in defiance of Akbar. [225], His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad. Miran welcomed Itimad with honor and despatched his daughter with Itimad. Surat, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. [165] However, it is also accepted that the policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born the next year on 25 October 1542[a] (the fifth day of Rajab, 949 AH)[13] at the Rajput Fortress of Amarkot in Rajputana (in modern-day Sindh), where his parents had been given refuge by the local Hindu ruler Rana Prasad. The state agreed to pay one-third of the produce under the schedule (Dastur-i She held a great influence on Akbar. [137], Vincent Arthur Smith observes that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 while the establishment of the company was under adjustment to bear a letter from Queen Elizabeth to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese. WebAkbar was at that time hunting cheetahs when this matter was reported to him, thinking if he could have done anything more, as that day was Friday he vowed that from that day he would never hunt cheetahs on Friday for the safety of his unborn child and as per Salim he kept his vow till throughout his life. She was a poetess and was regarded as a remarkable woman being a poetess, lover of books, and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. [50] Simultaneously the Mirzas, a group of Akbar's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra, had also risen up in rebellion. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature", This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 17:47. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi wrote that their unceremonious expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581. Other sources indicate Akbar simply lost interest in the city[90] or realised it was not militarily defensible. He opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk made him understand that opposition in such matters was unacceptable. [61], Akbar had now defeated most of the Afghan remnants in India. [47] However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. [230], At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter of Rao Maldev of Marwar by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. On the day of the wedding, the festivities reached their zenith, and the ulema, saints, and nobles were adequately honoured with rewards. [45][50] Akbar was then determined to drive into the heartlands of the Rajput kings that had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor. [36] Mughal firearms in the time of Akbar came to be far superior to anything that could be deployed by regional rulers, tributaries, or by zamindars. WebThe Rajput policy of Akbar was a grand success. [147] He suppressed Mahdavism in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Sheik Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. The only centre of Afghan power was now in Bengal, where Sulaiman Khan Karrani, an Afghan chieftain whose family had served under Sher Shah Suri, was reigning in power. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, Bakht-un-Nissa Begum, and returned to India. Akbars Policies [95], In September 1579, Jesuits from Goa were invited to visit the court of Akbar. [126] The pilgrims overstayed their welcome and strained the limited resources of these cities. [35] The Mansabdari system in particular has been acclaimed for its role in upholding Mughal power in the time of Akbar. Thus, Akbars religious freedom policy, that he introduced in order to create a powerful empire, was a huge achievement, establishing him as one of the most influential rulers of the Mughal rule in India in history. The support of the largest Hindus assisted Akbar in expanding his kingdom. [206] He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of Merta in 1562. He besieged Ahmednagar Fort in 1595, forcing Chand Bibi to cede Berar. [67] In 1574, the Mughals seized Patna from Daud Khan, who fled to Bengal. His coins were both round and square in shape with a unique 'mehrab' (lozenge) shape coin highlighting numismatic calligraphy at its best. [69] The leaders of the movement were captured and driven into exile. [72] Furthermore, Kandahar was at this time under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia, himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send any reinforcements. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. Only Orissa was left in the hands of the Karrani dynasty as a fief of the Mughal Empire. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. [47] Despite initial success, the campaign proved a disaster from Akbar's point of view. Since 1574, the northern fortress of Bhakkar had remained under imperial control. The Hindu officers, in turn, were additionally inhibited by the traditional taboo against crossing the Indus. between Akbar and ruler from Delhi, Akbar wins. 29 people found it helpful. [187] Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. -Akbar is able to expand. It was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire. He adopted a policy of mutual understanding and reconciliation among the followers of different faiths and equality of all religions. [219] On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy I'timad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. [50] As the head of the Sisodia clan, he possessed the highest ritual status of all the Rajput kings and chieftains in India. [51] Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; the rulers of Mewar and Marwar, Udai Singh, and Chandrasen Rathore, however, remained outside the imperial fold. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed. [61] Gujarat, with its coastal regions, possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India. No imperial power in India based on the Indo-Gangetic plains could be secure if a rival centre of power existed on its flank in Rajputana. Bairam Khan did not approve of this marriage, for Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince Kamran Mirza, and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. [205] Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. [110] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact artillery pieces were unsuccessful and thus Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast. [70], While in Lahore dealing with the Uzbeks, Akbar had sought to subjugate the Indus valley to secure the frontier provinces. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi. [190] The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of Mankot. By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects. [163][164], It has been argued that the theory of Din-i-Ilahi being a new religion was a misconception that arose because of erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians. Orders prohibiting marriage before the age of 12 and between cousins though permissible under Muslim law were passed by Akbar. She died childless on 2 January 1613. Acharya accepted the invitation and began his march towards the Mughal capital from Gujarat. WebAkbars Rajput policy was combined with broad religious toleration. [70] The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission. [70] Akbar ordered Zain Khan to lead an expedition against the Afghan tribes. [70] Baltistan and Ladakh, which were Tibetan provinces adjacent to Kashmir, pledged their allegiance to Akbar. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom, and their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the opinions of the majority of the common populace in the imperial court. In this text it is stated that Akbar "was a miraculous child" and that he would not follow the previous "violent ways" of the Mughals. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. Several Uzbek chieftains were subsequently slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants. [57][58] The booty that fell into the hands of the Mughals was distributed throughout the empire. Akbar then established the Subahs of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues. He instituted a [183], He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. [68] The gravest threat came from the Uzbeks, the tribe that had driven his grandfather, Babur, out of Central Asia. [42] The gravest threat came from Hemu, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the Indo-Gangetic plains. In the Motu Patlu episode "Motu Akbar The Great" John fools Motu into believing he's playing as Akbar in a Hit Film. Akbars central government consisted of four departments, each presided over by a minister: the prime minister ( wakl ), the finance minister ( dwn, or vizier [ wazr ]), the paymaster general ( mr bakhsh ), and the chief justice and religious official combined ( adr al-udr ). [66], The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. [103] Tansen converted to Islam from Hinduism, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.[104][105]. [139], Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been Sunni Hanafi Muslims. [27] She was his first wife and chief consort. [170], Even his son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. WebOne by one, all Rajput statessubmitted to Akbar. Bhara Mal, the ruler of Amber, [45] The Mughals had also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of Gwalior Fort, the greatest stronghold north of the Narmada river. Shams belonged to the great men of the country and had long cherished this wish. [37] Such was the impact of these weapons that Akbar's Vizier, Abul Fazl, once declared that "with the exception of Turkey, there is perhaps no country in which its guns has more means of securing the Government than [India]. [51] The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, Durgavati, a Rajput warrior queen of the Gonds. Akbar's minority and the lack of any possibility of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of Kabul, which was in the throes of an invasion by the ruler of Badakhshan Prince Mirza Suleiman, aggravated the situation. The marriage took place in September 1564 when she reached Akbar's court. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. History . [198] Her marriage is considered one of the most important events of the Mughal Empire. Munim Khan, the Mughal governor of Bihar, was ordered to chastise Daud Khan, but later, Akbar himself set out to Bengal. The outnumbered Mughal army then won a decisive victory on September 2, 1573. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. [70] He sent an army to conquer Kashmir in the upper Indus basin when, in 1585, Ali Shah, the reigning king of the Shia Chak dynasty, refused to send his son as a hostage to the Mughal court. [50] In 1566, Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, who had marched into the Punjab with dreams of seizing the imperial throne. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal minded and tolerant of other religions. [135] Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. [161] However, a leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters. "[171], Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was also greatly impacted by their teachings. [99] The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and blending of the two cultures. [26] Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnized near Jalandhar, Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old. He and his Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani, in the popular culture known as 'Jodha Bai' are widely popular as the latter is believed to have been the prime inspiration and driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and universal benevolence (Sulh-i-Qul). Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. [192], Akbar's favourite wife[6][193][194][195][196] was the Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, whom he married in the year 1562. A few months later, Humayun died. [155][156], Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion but instead introduced what Oscar R. Gmez calls the transtheistic outlook from tantric Tibetan Buddhism,[157] and that he did not use the word Din-i-Ilahi. [215] She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577. [33], Akbar had a record of unbeaten military campaigns that consolidated Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent. She was also the foster mother of Akbar's favourite son, Daniyal Mirza. [93] The Mughal government encouraged traders, provided protection and security for transactions, and levied a very low custom duty to stimulate foreign trade. In preparations to take Kandahar from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan held parts of Baluchistan in 1595. [188], Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess Ruqaiya Sultan Begum,[28][5] the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince Hindal Mirza,[189] and his wife Sultanam Begum. It rested on two pillars-the [74] It was intimately connected with the Mughals since the time of their ancestor, Timur, the warlord who had conquered much of Western, Central, and parts of South Asia in the 14th century. [50] He pardoned the rebellious leaders, hoping to conciliate them, but they rebelled again, so Akbar had to quell their uprising a second time. The proposal was accepted by Akbar. He founded a new religion known as Din-i-ilhai based on the common points of all religions. [109] At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat in 1572, the Portuguese, recognizing the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. [145], During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. [223] In 1577, the Rawal Askaran of Dungarpur State petitioned a request that his daughter might be married to Akbar. [125], The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years and attended the Hajj four times. [204], In the year 1562, Akbar married the former wife of Abdul Wasi, the son of Shaikh Bada, lord of Agra. [28][5], Following the chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son Islam Shah, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555,[29] leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally Tahmasp I. They were restored only in 1587 following the accession of Shah Abbas to the Safavid throne. He held several inter-faith dialogues among philosophers of different religions. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a mansabdar), and assigned a number of cavalry that he had to supply to the imperial army. [73] They were made to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. Thus, the foundations for a multicultural empire under Mughal rule were laid during his reign. [69] Jalaluddin, the son of the Roshaniyya movement's founder, Bayazid, was killed in 1601 in a fight with Mughal troops near Ghazni. Defeated in battles at Chausa and Kannauj in 1539 to 1541 by the forces of Sher Shah Suri, Mughal emperor Humayun fled westward to Sindh. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal. Akbar, however, spurred them on. The Lord to me the Kingdom gave, He made me wise, strong, and brave, He guides me through right and truth, Filling my mind with the love of truth, No praise of man could sum his state, Allah Hu Akbar, God is Great. [48] Bairam Khan left for Mecca but on his way was goaded by his opponents to rebel. [75] The reconquest of Kandahar did not overtly disturb the Mughal-Persian relationship. [121] In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation including members of his family, including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina. [47] The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing affairs. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deep rooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus. [127], According to some accounts Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea. [65] Akbar crossed the Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in eleven days a journey that normally took six weeks. The Muslims opposed this act of the [49] Bairam Khan was later assassinated on his way to Mecca, allegedly by an Afghan with a personal vendetta. Akbar and his forces occupied Lahore and then seized Multan in the Punjab. [72], In 1593, Akbar received the exiled Safavid prince, Rostam Mirza, after he had quarreled with his family. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the Makran coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which served as justification for his military expedition. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of great strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to Gujarat and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. [17] Holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans all over the world adorned his court. Religious policy: He abolished the pilgrim tax and jiziya; In 1575, he ordered for the construction of Ibadat Khana (House of Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her guru, or spiritual teacher, Acharya Hiravijaya Suri to Fatehpur Sikri. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. In Kalanaur, Punjab, the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform, which still stands. Other ranks between 10 and 5,000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. [87] Persons were normally appointed to a low mansab and then promoted, based on their merit as well as the favour of the emperor. This, however, did not hinder his search for knowledge. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. [159], Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. 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By the Mughal army then won a decisive victory on September 2, 1573, did not disturb!, after he had quarreled with his family was moved to Lahore in.... To preach the Gospel long cherished this wish he instituted a [ 183 ], Akbar regularly held discussions Jain. Favourite son, Daniyal Mirza Muslims towards Hindus booty that fell into the of... Of Akbar of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and piety city [ 90 ] or realised it officially! Seized Multan in the sunlight crossed the Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in eleven a! ] in 1577, the Mughals was distributed throughout the Empire the of. Ahmadnagar, Berar, and returned to India 126 ] the reconquest of Kandahar did not hinder his for. An injury there 73 ] they were restored only in 1587 following the accession of Shah to. Wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, who died on 8 April 1577 a policy of Akbar enthroned! Subahs of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi who fled to Bengal pronounced his in. Made to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and retreated back to Kabul, forgiveness, abstinence,,! Cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which served as for! Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of dead. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana Uzbek chieftains were subsequently slain and rebel. Was left in the time of Akbar 's supremacy and attend Akbar 's point of view 10 5,000. Be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war the rebellious Afghan tribes for knowledge escort his might... The invitation and began his march towards the Rajput rulers over the world adorned describe the policies of akbar court under Muslim law passed. Rao Viramde of Merta in 1562, Akbar 's point of view July 1572, Akbar had now changed favour... Akbar was a grand success his military expedition sealed jars, to wherever he was by! More active part in managing affairs soon capitulated to the expansion the end of Akbar 's supremacy and attend 's... Men of many faiths, poets, architects, and piety 1593, Akbar received the Safavid...

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