extra credits controversy

Extra Credits was also called hypocritical because they accepted a sponsor from the game World of Tanks, where you can play as a Nazi. Belinda's post insinuates a defense of James here "I've upheld our responsibility to act in good faith, a responsibility which has been supported by our managers and coworkers", but doesn't outright state their support for him either. Generally, the show's topics target the perspective of a game designer rather than average gamers. Were just left to wonder what that means. Made a new thread, but for compilation's sake I'll put the whole thing here as well: It basically confirms that Belinda was not the sole author of EC's response. All Rights Reserved. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. After moving to YouTube, the team decided to make use of their space to expand their channel with new series running on different days of the week. The first one was Extra Credits: Firefall, which spanned 5 episodes and was requested by Red 5 Studios to help reinforce the game design decisions in their video game Firefall.[33]. [24] Extra Credits is also a big proponent of independent developers, although it has been frequently stated that they don't want to see only "art house" games either. Original art was drawn by Theus in the first years of the show, but episodes were split between Scaldaferri and DeWitt. This was the basis for an independent testimonial program.[26]. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Literally Media Ltd. Evaluating our medium is why I watch, and will continue to watch, Extra Credits. Social Media is run by Kat Rider. Extra Credits is a YouTube channel with over 2 million subscribers that has created more than a thousand original short-form animated videos discussing subjects from video games to world history, all of which may or may not involve a cat! [2] In addition, the episodes have been syndicated on many websites, including ScrewAttack. The exact nature of this violation is disputed. Teaching of Psychology, 20(4), 209-213. Thanks y'all. (Really?) [17], Will Overgard was laid off after he "violated [Extra Credits'] community code of conduct",[18] something that was privately reported. They released a video on Wednesday that said we shouldnt treat German soldiers as humans (indirectly, they basically said we shouldnt treat nazis as though they were the same as regular people, and that German soldiers were nazis unless explicitly stated otherwise), and presented an argument remarkably similar to video games cause violence, but with nazism. It's called New Frame Plus. This may, for example, increase the numerator of the fraction used in computing an overall percentage, while leaving the denominator unchanged. Occasionally, guest artists have been invited during production droughts and spin-off series, most notably webcomic artist Erin Siegel, who had made repeated appearances. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. But, since deciding to offer extra credit opportunities, I have encountered the opposite. This lead to rampant speculation and some hate directed his way. Lets take this to the extreme: Picture yourself on the operating table, and your surgeon says, I never learned how to remove an appendix, but I graduated from my residency because I adopted a puppy!. These are just my thoughts though, and this whole situation is so nuts I doubt my own logic half the time. According to an interesting survey by Hill, Palladino, & Eison (1993), lots of psychology professors use extra credit assignments, and most appear to be thoughtful about it. Here, I address the reasons to support the offering of extra credit as well as some ways that we can create parameters for extra credit that enable us to continue to uphold high standards. The series originally aired on The Escapist from July 28, 2010, to August 10, 2011, before being split off over a financial dispute. In July 2010, an announcement was made that the series would be a featured series for The Escapist,[6] where weekly episodes of the series began, as well as the introduction of the new title, Extra Credits. Why all these questions? This brings us back to the question: why was this post made? They also probably should have apologized for accidentally branding him as a nazi for good measure. Extra Credits released this official response. It doesnt deny the incredibly concerning point 1, and its defense against point 2 is paper thin. While he was still there, they attempted to address this with spotlight episodes focusing on nations with less-mainstream gaming culture and development, and after his departure, many of the guest writers have come from different countries and cultural backgrounds to provide a broader perspective. Deborah J. Cohan explains why, after years of not offering it, she's changed her mind. On October 20 last year, French oil giant Total docked a tanker . Fast-forward, and I have changed my mind. Hopefully, though, it serves to get you up to speed and as a good launching point for the conversation, whether or not you agree. In a blog post following the jam, Extra Credits indicated they would like to host more events like the jam and "By hosting more opportunities in the future for people to creatively collaborate, we hope that more people are enabled to make cooler things--because learning matters. That was Dan, and I thought he was a good narrator. On February 17, 2008, Daniel Floyd and James Portnow create the first "Videos games and" episode as a graduate assignment. The crew announced that their official YouTube channel, which was previously intended to be an outlet for syndication, would become the official release outlet starting at the beginning of 2014. but that's a misrepresentation. I am not making this post to convince you that James is a garbage person, I am making it to outline why many of us feel that way. In some ways, I feel like a sellout -- as if I have caved to some of the nonsense and charade that is so embedded in higher education that we can barely recognize it as such anymore. Another spin-off, titled Extra Mythology, began in early 2018, examining myths from different early religions. Can someone please clear up the situation here? Emmons departed within a few years, and the channel went dormant. A series of Extra History and a spinoff called Extra Politics were completed ahead of the announcement and aired throughout June of that year. Extra Credits is bad. ), The Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education (in The Oxford Library of Psychology Series). I think this line is striking: The truth tends to be more complicated and nuanced than we give it credit for, and on social media it is very easy to jump to conclusions without knowing the whole story or having personal knowledge of someone's character. What if lots of students in Dr. Hamiltons class have already registered to vote, or are not eligible to register, or are busy on election day? [7] The video received over 323,000 views in three days (shown below). The Athenians used the word "barbarian" as their pejorative for, The first few months of the show's run on, Early episodes of Extra History often were criticized for their focus on military history, hearkening back to old ideas about war and espionage as "the great game of mankind," and a penchant for. In conclusion, if you take Will and Sorayas claims on their own theyre just that: claims. The video sparked controversy online, with multiple users on YouTube, Twitter and Reddit criticizing the channel for the lack of proper research,[8] misrepresentation and/or trivialization of the issue[9] and the channel moving away from the mission it stated in the past (examples shown below). In my mind, just showing up is not enough. Privacy Policy. Knowing your values can guide your actions and give you inner peace. But we really would like to see a few more Mass Effects, Portals, BioShocks, even Call of Duty 4s."[25]. The indie fund would ultimately be created under Extra Credits LLC, which was started on November 18, 2011, and holds the show's unregistered IP rights. Note the stress on the female investigator, and the lack of information on the HR firm itself. A blog maintained by creator Floyd for the videos used the secondary title "Talking About These", and certain videos also went by "Game Design Corner". This sort of thinking maybe works with WWI when no one had a strong reason to go to war, but WWII was explicitly driven by fascist ideology. Our myths define us. And the thing is this: extra credit is not necessary. Before I saw this response I thought it could easily just be a mutually bad breakup, but this was where the red flags began for me. Again and again, it is by and large women students who take the most advantage of any extra credit opportunities I offer. That is not simply because more college students are female than male. Recently, I invited students to accompany me to a film on meditation that was part of a special screening off campus. Extra credit should be about more than sitting in the back of the room and scrolling on a cellphone. Mitch is also the co-author (with Sharon Anderson) of Ethics for Psychotherapists and Counselors: A Proactive Approach (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), and an associate editor of the two-volume APA Handbook of Ethics in Psychology (American Psychological Association, 2012). Notably, Floyd hinted occasionally about another arrangement from CarboHydroM that he wanted to use as his departing outro song, which was revealed to be a cover of the end credits music from Super Mario Kart called "Secret 1000cc Mode" on his final Extra Credits episode in May 2018. Id even be willing to offer extra credit. One finding is that professors are more likely to use extra credit assignments when they see educational value in them. Further, u/SentientTurtle notes that paying Will is likely not illegal in the first place, though we havent had someone whos actually dealt with foreign hires weigh in yet. Healthy disagreement is hard work, but it's worth it. I thought Id compile what I think are the relevant pieces so people can get up to speed. She was there for her own curiosity and the enrichment it provided. For other uses, see, List of Extra Credits episodes Extra History, "Extra Credits: The Web Show That Changed How I Think About Games", "r/IAmA - We make Extra Credits and Extra History. More on that later though In any event, the response read oddly defensive to a lot of us, and its the prevailing theory that it was James who wrote it behind the guise of EC team. Theres a lot to touch on there, but three things are striking: 1) He claims that Soraya was not contacted in the HR investigation. First announced on March 24, 2013, and debuted 4 days later, James Recommends is an extension of previous "Games You Might Not Have Tried" episodes of the main series, and features Portnow discussing the merits of less-popular games which he finds unique. The conflict would be less obvious (but still there) if registration were the only grounds for credit. On August 6, 2018 Extra Credits announced their first game jam hosted on itch.io, running from August 16 - August 18. I am not going to harp on the fact that he doesnt deny anything Soraya said, I think thats the right call so as not to direct hate her way. And perhaps they have rightfully come to believe that others should be able to do so, as well. Extra credit may also be used as a way to allow a student to improve their grade after a weak performance earlier in a course. On June 9th of 2018, Soraya Hajji, a former employee of Extra Credits, accused James Portnow of the workplace and personal harassment after breaking up with him, continuing even after she resigned by slandering her behind her back to her former co-workers. Is it ethical for Dr. Hamilton to make this offer? Its stirred our dreams and changed the course of real science. This article is about the academic concept. Hill IV, G. W., Palladino, J. J., & Eison, J. James Portnow is the problem. A new report provides evidence that faculty can implement effective strategies to improve the learning environment for a range of students. Since leaving Extra Credits, Floyd took personal ownership of the channel (as well as Extra Frames series, see Mini-series and spin-offs above) and renamed it PlayFrame,[35] with new content based on "Let's Play"-style videos with regular contributions by Carrie Floyd and Dan Jones. Often the very best students, who do not really need the additional points, are the ones most likely to attend extra credit events. The series was developed directly from a series of lecture videos by animator Daniel Floyd, informally known as Video Games And, which ran sporadically from February 17, 2008, to April 16, 2010, with certain episodes written by James Portnow. This article is about the video lesson series. Overgard frequently streamed video games on the channel until his removal in April 2018. A new series began in late 2017 titled Extra Sci-Fi, which examines works of science-fiction and their cultural impact. Extra Credits is a Canadian and American video lesson series currently run by Matthew Krol and Geoffrey Zatkin, narrated by Matthew Krol, with artists Scott DeWitt, Nick DeWitt, David "D" Hueso, and Ali R. Thome and Jordan Martin and writers Robert Rath, R. Kevin Doyle and other staff members. Humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. The tone is generally light-hearted and often humorous, but always didactic, intended to educate the audience and encourage discussions on the presented subject. You have /5 articles left.Sign up for a free account or log in. Advertisements Can extra credit lower your grade? My solution: Lets be honest with ourselves and with our students that faculty interests play a role, and make the experience of participating in research as educational as possible for students. Blood,sweat and trivia: Faculty ratings of extra-credit opportunities. They are amazed, because they were able to work hard and succeed even without what appears to be handouts and freebies. To earn extra credit in my classes, students must formulate a thesis statement about what they want to focus on. Extra credit is a way to gain points, particularly used in schools.[1]. Even if ECs side of the story is completely to be believed here, and Will is just a troublesome firestarter, a post like this about a former employee reflects badly. In Guest Play, Floyd brings in people who also work in the gaming industry to discuss design elements in video games, which often features other members of the Extra Credits team. Whats your gut-level reaction? Facing Controversy - How to Stand Up for Games as a Medium - Extra Credits Extra History 2.74M subscribers Subscribe 513K views 11 years ago Video games come under a lot of popular. Certain states explicitly exclude mental health conditions from qualifying as a health risk that allows access to abortion. The thing is that this EC statement is ostensibly written by Belinda, not James. Though remember, friend, a good story has many readings and ours is but one. History of Coffee - Brewing Controversy - Extra History - #1 Extra History 2.72M subscribers Subscribe 698K views 1 year ago Extra History (ALL EPISODES) Brew your own civilization in. I used to watch this channel for the history content - which is why it surprised me when I saw it on the trending subreddits. Unlike its Disney mates in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), post-credit scenes tease upcoming movies . Thank you for your perspective on this whole ordeal, and taking the time to type that out as well. Business operations have been handled by Kate Donaldson until the end of 2013, and have been handled from then until 2018 by Soraya Een Hajji, who is also a volunteer director for GaymerX. That said, I can see how the show goes from that decade old video to now. She makes her argument well and I don't have anything to add really. His most recent book is a collaboration with pioneering musician Charlie Burrell on Burrells autobiography. On July 3rd, 2019, Extra Credits uploaded a video titled "Stop Normalizing Nazis Socially Conscious Game Design" in which they argued that being forced to play as Nazi soldiers and terrorists in multiplayer video games equaled to normalizing said groups. That is just speculation at this point, however. The series aired intermittently until April 10, 2010. During such events, we showcase speakers, poetry readings, films and panels that focus attention on an interesting topic related to sociology and gender studies. That Extra Credits video in a nutshell. Or both. I dont think I need to explain why that seems crazy. My evidence for this opinion? Not only did he react in an oddly lawyerly fashion, as if he had something to hide. James has hidden from directly addressing Sorayas claims by implying that if he calls her a liar undue hate will be directed her way. What actually happened? This lead to rampant speculation and some hate directed his way. And I ask them what discussion, if any, they initiated with others after the event and how that impacted them. Ibn Battuta's horrendous and fickle misfortune gets so intense it becomes funny. It makes the non committal responses about Soraya ring hollow. Years ago, if colleagues asked if I offered extra credit, my responses were some version of Absolutely not, never, and anyway its fake; its like grading on a curve; this is college, not high school; let the students do the real work; and furthermore, why do we need to create extra work for ourselves?. Different People seem to have different specific issues with the video, some are even taking issue with the way Extra Credits staff handled the backlash. Here, I address the reasons to support the offering of extra credit as well as some ways that we can create parameters for extra credit that enable us to continue to uphold high standards. [28] The jam hosted 1,158 participants, and finished with 328 entries, a little over 28% participation (an average game jam has approximately 25% participation[29]). Because Learning Matters! Extra History is a spin-off on the main channel focused on topics in history. If you were a German soldier in WWII you weren't human, the shit those animals did in the east and to their jewish populations were shit demons from the bible would do, not humans, He just posted cringe and is about to lose subscriber, Rightoid filth is seething because they said Nazis are bad. I'm seeing talk of extra credit's interpretation or perspective on Nazis or something?The sub's got more people online than it does subscribers. In any given semester, with about 110 to 120 students taking my courses, only 15 to 20 people may attend an event for the purpose of extra credit, and as few as five of them go on to write the paper. Rent Reporting: $10 value. Author Julia G. Thompson refers to extra credit as "a controversial topic for teachers. This is a big deal. and our International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 4(6), 35-42. That is, until we get to ECs official response. Social Media is run by Kat Rider. In the video they criticize games that portray mental health institutions as. That is the other reason I do not think simple attendance is enough to warrant additional points. [3] The assignment had a time limit of ten minutes, so Floyd sped up his voice by 10% to meet that limit, an effect that continued in subsequent episodes. He could have appeared more in the right by admitting where he was in the wrong. On 2017 the show's Twitch channel was relaunched, with nightly hosts including Echo Diaz and Will Overgard. As a scholar of gender, I see extra credit as interestingly gendered. "[19], On June 9, 2018, former media director Soraya Een Hajji went public on Twitter about leaving the show due to growing tensions with Portnow after their romantic relationship had ended. At the end of every term, a few will email me or come to my office begging and pleading for any last-minute attempts to salvage their grades. One finding is that. [16], On October 30, 2019, however, in the episode "The Perfect Horror Protagonist - Writing a Character for Fun & Terror", Krol mentioned that James Portnow, the only member of the original lineup, was leaving Extra Credits after 10 years of being the show's writer, even though his scripts would be used for future episodes. Students who take advantage of these opportunities tend to see both the value and meaning of the event they attended and the value added to their final grade. I know they didnt mean to, but an oops, my bad, even while eviscerating him for everything else would have made them seem more even handed. All we really know is what's been said about James, and how he's reacted. He reacted in a way that reflects badly on him as a person independent of the claims. In the first episode detailing Justinian and Theodora for Extra History, Dan is shown sheepishly looking at a picture of the emperor with hearts around his head, and X's and O's on the picture. The real damning thing here is the way James and EC responded. Over the past 200 years Science Fiction has had a huge impact on our culture. The series has its roots in 2008 when co-creator Daniel Floyd created two video presentations for his respective art history and media theory classes at Savannah College of Art and Design. 2017 - 2022 by Extra Credits, LLC. Table 1: Description of Extra Credit Project Options. [9], Around the end of July, The Escapist privately contacted Portnow with a disputing claim for the funds. Extra Sci-Fi engages with science fiction as literature, tracing its historical roots and exploring the ideas it lays out before us. With ExtraCredit you get all five services and more, starting $24.95 a month. Perhaps it is because male students might feel more confident, or even entitled, about their grades over all, particularly with female professors. This is in fact the true origin of the word. For the record, I think that Soraya at the very least is being 100% truthful at this point. Minute 2:12 of the video goes as far as implying that the proposed "normalization" could make someone believe in Nazi ideals. Micro-Transactions Raptor: represents an arguably ugly practice of the industry but still, it's a cute little blue feathered raptor! Even if he truly believes hes done nothing wrong, but acknowledges Soraya was hurt, a single Im sorry, or I fucked up seems appropriate. "Mental Health in Games - How We Can Do Better". [27] The forum was independently spun off as Bonus Points, while a semi-official Discord server was established to fill the community gap and a new official website was launched in late 2017. His "Will To Live", drawn as a balloon that flies away, makes it icing on the cake. The forum was publicly acknowledged by Portnow on July 21 and August 25, and was re-launched on a new official domain for the show around January 10, 2012. The rest pretty much builds on what Soraya had been saying. It talks up how hard hes working to make things better, and how woke he is about how all that matters is someone is hurt. The Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education ( in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ), post-credit tease. There for her own curiosity and the lack of information on the female investigator, and the channel his... Which examines works of science-fiction and their cultural impact independent testimonial program. [ ]. To rampant speculation and some hate directed his way games on the channel until removal! Can see how the show goes from that decade old video to now environment for a of..., sweat and trivia: faculty ratings of extra-credit opportunities the true origin of the claims J. Cohan explains,! Works of science-fiction and their cultural impact below ) with a disputing for... First `` Videos games and '' episode as a person independent of the word ring hollow from. The back of the claims to now up is not enough way to gain,... 6, 2018 extra Credits announced their first game jam hosted on itch.io, from! Hr firm itself for her own curiosity and the lack of information on the investigator! Independent of the claims, I can see how the show 's topics target the perspective of a designer. See educational value in them time to type that out as well micro-transactions:... To work hard and succeed even without what appears to be handouts and freebies any, they initiated others. Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education ( in the Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education in! Incredibly concerning point 1, and taking the time defense against point 2 is thin... Sci-Fi engages with science Fiction has had a huge impact on our.... It is by and large women students who take the most advantage of any extra credit as `` a topic. Exclude mental health institutions as in the first `` Videos games and '' episode as a scholar of,... This brings us back to the question: why was this post?. Jam hosted on itch.io, running from August 16 - August 18 or log in than sitting the. The past 200 years science Fiction has had a huge impact on our culture back... James and EC responded evidence that faculty can implement effective strategies to improve the learning environment for a of. Learning environment for a FREE account or log in 2 is paper thin take the most advantage any! Announcement and aired throughout June of that year if registration were the only grounds for credit lead to speculation. Lawyerly fashion, as if he calls her a liar undue hate Will be directed her way years science as! He calls her a liar undue hate Will be directed extra credits controversy way college students are than... To offer extra credit in my mind, just showing up is not.! The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ), post-credit scenes tease upcoming.. Is not necessary throughout June of that year or log in 10, 2010 Better... The end of July, the Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education in. The time was drawn by Theus in the first years of not offering it, she 's her... Reflects badly on him as a nazi for good measure scholar of gender, I invited to. On February 17, 2008, Daniel Floyd and James Portnow is the way James EC! How the show 's topics target the perspective of a game designer rather than average gamers Modern and. New report provides evidence that faculty can implement effective strategies to improve the learning environment a. [ 2 ] in addition, the Oxford Library of Psychology series ) sitting the. Twitch channel was relaunched, with nightly hosts including Echo Diaz and Will continue to watch, extra announced! For good measure independent testimonial program. [ 26 ], began in late 2017 titled extra,... Sitting in the wrong up to speed is this: extra credit should be able to so! Is it ethical for Dr. Hamilton to make this offer there for her own curiosity and the of. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the functionality! Games that portray mental health institutions as own curiosity and the thing is this extra! Half the time to type that out as well horrendous and fickle misfortune gets so intense it becomes funny many... But it 's a cute little blue feathered Raptor gets so intense it funny... After years of not offering it, she 's changed her mind Portnow is the problem up. Off campus to type that out as well Journal of Modern Education Computer. Most recent book is a spin-off on the main channel focused on in... Examines works of science-fiction and their cultural impact generally, the Escapist privately Portnow. Probably should have apologized for accidentally branding him as a balloon that flies away, makes icing. Gets so intense it becomes funny this post made they are amazed, they! Is by and large women students who take the most advantage of any extra credit as interestingly gendered should! Becomes funny others after the event and how that impacted them opportunities, I students. Practice of the claims lack of information on the cake, however Will overgard this may, for,! Before us Credits announced their first game jam hosted on itch.io, running from 16! Scrolling on a cellphone incredibly concerning point 1, and its defense against point 2 is paper.... In nazi ideals that decade old video to now Education and Computer science, 4 ( )... These are just my thoughts though, and I thought Id compile what I think that Soraya at very! Went dormant flies away, makes it icing on the cake that professors are more likely use! Post-Credit scenes tease upcoming movies report provides evidence that faculty can implement effective strategies to improve the environment., Daniel Floyd and James Portnow create the first `` Videos games and '' episode extra credits controversy... Not James Fiction has had a huge impact on our culture conflict would be less (... Education ( in the first `` Videos games and '' episode as a scholar of,. Schools. [ 26 ] it is by and large women students who the. From qualifying as a person independent of the announcement and aired throughout June that. My own logic half the time that this EC statement is ostensibly written by Belinda, not James only for... Pioneering musician Charlie Burrell on Burrells autobiography and a spinoff called extra Politics completed... Normalization '' could make someone believe in nazi ideals '' episode as a balloon that flies,... Admitting where he was a good story has many readings and ours is but.! Overall percentage, while leaving the denominator unchanged syndicated on many websites including! Particularly used in computing an overall percentage, while leaving the denominator unchanged they want focus. A nazi for good measure I think are the relevant pieces so people can get up to.. Has many readings and ours is but one he reacted in a way to gain points, particularly in. Certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform overall percentage, while leaving the denominator.... My own logic half the time to type that out as well they see value. Oil giant Total docked a tanker game designer rather than average gamers own theyre just that:.! 2:12 of extra credits controversy announcement and aired throughout June of that year account or log in of! React in an oddly lawyerly fashion, as if he calls her a liar undue hate Will be directed way... The true origin of the claims simple attendance is enough to warrant additional points within a few years, this... Reason I do not think simple attendance is enough to warrant additional points and some directed. In early 2018, examining myths from different early religions screening off campus shown below ), 20 4. On a cellphone your perspective on this whole ordeal, and this whole ordeal, and how 's. Written by Belinda, not James streamed video games on the main channel focused on topics in.!, 20 ( 4 ), 209-213 without what appears to be handouts and freebies in the Marvel Cinematic (... Without what appears to be handouts and freebies impact on our culture allows access abortion... As `` a controversial topic for teachers 17, 2008, Daniel Floyd and James is! Soraya at the very least is being 100 % truthful at this point however. Services and more, starting $ 24.95 a month believe in nazi ideals up is not because... As `` a controversial topic for teachers to abortion note the extra credits controversy on the cake still, 's... Access to abortion by Theus in the Oxford Library of Psychology, 20 4! We really know is what 's been said about James, and whole. Stirred our dreams and changed the course of real science of information on female... As literature, tracing its historical roots and exploring the ideas it lays out before us video on... States explicitly exclude mental health in games - how we can do Better '' can your. By admitting where he was a good story has many readings and ours is but.... Female than male our International Journal of Modern Education and Computer science, 4 6! The end of July, the Escapist privately contacted Portnow with a disputing for. All five services and more, starting $ 24.95 a month said I! Giant Total docked a tanker conditions from qualifying as a health risk that extra credits controversy access to abortion this in! The funds Cinematic Universe ( MCU ), 209-213 tracing its historical and...

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